See also Tobacco
litigation and The
Light/Mild scam
STOP PRESS:
Philip Morris hid harm from additives:
study
December 2012: Philip Morris misled smokers about harm from additives in
their products, says a University of California study. The study
re-analysed results of a Philip Morris study called "Project
Mix" which concluded in 2002 there was "no evidence of
substantial toxicity" - but found from the same data the additives
led to an average 20% increase in 15 carcinogenic chemicals. Independent
(UK) 21/12/11 Full
study ASH release 22/12/11: Philip
Morris misled smokers
|
TOBACCO
INDUSTRY:
UNLAWFUL,
DECEPTIVE AND LETHAL
US
District Court Judge Gladys Kessler's damning 2006 judgment against Big
Tobacco
in a landmark US government lawsuit against the major companies.
She found they'd violated civil racketeering
laws, defrauded the public,
lied for decades about targeting of children and health risks of smoking.
Summary at
tobaccofreekids.org and
full
judgment
-
general findings upheld in Supreme Court 2010. Some excerpts:
[The tobacco companies] have not ceased engaging in unlawful activity...
Their continuing conduct misleads consumers in order to
maximize … revenues
by recruiting new smokers (the majority of whom
are under the age of 18),
preventing current smokers from quitting, and
thereby sustaining the industry.
[This
industry] ... survives, and profits, from selling a
highly addictive product
which causes diseases that lead to a staggering
number of deaths...
an immeasurable amount of human suffering and
economic loss,
and a profound burden on our national health care system.
Defendants have known these facts for at least 50 years or more... [but]
have
consistently, repeatedly, and with enormous
skill and sophistication, denied these facts
to the public, to the
Government, and to the public health community...
[they] have
marketed and sold their lethal products with zeal, with deception,
with
a single-minded focus on their financial success, and without regard for
the human tragedy or social costs that success exacted.
|
Latest news on tobacco
industry misdeeds
(most recent at top):
Tobacco industry's 60-year history of
undermining health policy
November 2011: New article in American
Journal of Public Health shows how the tobacco industry used
sophisticated PR from the 1950s to undermine and distort emerging
science on tobacco harm, creating industry/academic conflicts of
interest to undercut public health policies. Abstract
PNG minister tells tobacco industry to
butt out
November 2011:
Papua New Guinea's Health Minister has attacked British
American Tobacco interference in health policies. PNG
is finalising comprehensive tobacco control laws in line with the FCTC
treaty - moving to raise tobacco taxes, ban "kiddie pack" and loose
cigarette sales, and make public venues smokefree. BAT has proposed
hosting an
intergovernmental "Tobacco Working Committee" as a "consultative, advisory and reviewing
authority on all policy and legislative matters relating to the tobacco
industry" - with a "perpetual" mandate cutting across core tobacco
control health policies. The TWC would comprise Government and the private sector
stakeholders, “in particular representatives from the tobacco
industry”. In a media statement 11/11/11,
Health Minister Jaime Maxtone-Graham said the meeting “should not
take place, should not be convened by British American Tobacco and
should not be attended by anyone concerned about improving public health
in Papua New Guinea.” He said “BAT
has no interest in the health of our citizens, much less effective
tobacco control. This meeting is a ruse to manipulate and reinvent their
image.” He
said FCTC guidelines rule out incentives to tobacco companies establishing or running
businesses. Globalink
WHO
chief slams industry Dirty Tricks against plain packs
October 2011: WHO Director-General Margaret Chan has slammed the tobacco
industry for "dirty tricks"
and unethical behaviour in trying to block tobacco-free policies
worldwide. Dr Chan told a WHO meeting the industry was claiming Australia's plain packaging
bills violated international trade obligations. She urged all countries to
"stand firm together, do not bow to pressure... we must never allow
the tobacco industry to get the upper hand". AFP
11/10/11
Tobacco
poisoning thousands of child workers
September
2011: Thousands of child tobacco workers being "poisoned" -
with Malawi just one example of the industry "turning a blind eye
to human rights abuses by its suppliers in theb quest for greater
profit." One
World South Asia report 15/9/11
Big
tobacco knew of radioactive content but hid it, didn't remove it
September 2011: Tobacco
companies knew as far back at 1959 that their products contained
carcinogenic Polonium-210 - but covered it up, says a review of industry
documents. The review also shows the tobacco industry knew from 1980 of
a process that could have removed the radioactivity - but chose not to
use it. ABC
news report 29/9/11
See earlier 2007
study
BATA
exploits refugee controversy to question plain pack legality
September 2011: BAT Australia places full-page ads in newspapers exploiting legal
dispute over
refugee policy to cast doubt on legality of plain tobacco packaging
bills. The ad asks "Is the government's legal advice on shaky
ground?" BATA
ad in Sydney Telegraph 7/9/11, p. 22
Philip
Morris tries to get hold of confidential child interviews
September 2011: Philip Morris
tries to use Freedom of Information to gain access to
confidential university interviews with children about smoking. The move coincides with an anonymous
hate campaign against university tobacco researchers. Independent,
UK 1/9/11
Philip Morris later appeared
to have dropped its FOI claim: Independent
26/11/11
Philip
Morris: a friend to die for
August 2011: Chilling billboard
ad in Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia promoting Philip
Morris-owned Sampoerna brand says "Dying is better than leaving a
friend" and "Sampoerna: a cool friend". Photo
18/8/11 "Grotesque" ad condemned: Asian
Correspondent 27/8/11
Tobacco
giants sue US to block graphic warnings
August 2011: Four US tobacco
companies sue US Food
and Drug Administration to block new graphic packet health warnings.
Described by FDA as "frank and honest", the warnings are
panned as "manipulative" and "emotional" by
tobacco companies. AP/CBS
16/8/11
Big
Tobacco misleads retailers; offers Fiji hols for pushing
July 2011: Some retailers are concerned at misleading flyers distributed
to them by
Imperial Tobacco urging them to protest about plain packs to current House of Representatives inquiry.
Meanwhile BAT Australia criticised by ASH for offering Fiji holidays to
retailers pushing tobacco. Imperial
flyers BAT
retailer Fiji promotion and Telegraph
report 24/7/11
Tobacco
least reputable industry: world/Australian survey
June
2011: Second year running, tobacco scores lowest in worldwide survey of reputation. 85,000 respondents (including
> 5600 Australians) in independent Global Reputation Pulse survey
rated tobacco easily lowest of 25 major industry groups. ACOSH
media release 15/6/11
Tobacco
giants thriving on exploitation of young, poor, uneducated
June
2011: Big tobacco thriving by ruthlessly exploiting young, poor, uneducated in poorest countries, says UK
Independent report. Tobacco profits rising at expense of lives, health.
Continuing litany of price fixing,
corruption, legal muscle, targeting children. Independent 29/5/11
BAT
price threat targets children, poor; $500m pa "ripoff" of
smokers
May 2011: British American Tobacco warns of a price-cutting war to
counter plain packaging - criticised by ASH and allies as a further
threat to target children and harm disadvantaged smokers. BAT
release 17/5/11 and
ASH
response 17/5/11 Also Prof
Simon Chapman comment 17/5/11 Industry threat
reveals $500m pa ripoff in company
"gouging": Australia
Inst release 18/5/11
Philip Morris' "decades of
neglect" of potent carcinogens
May 2011: Philip Morris and
another US tobacco company had the technology to reduce or control a
group of potent carcinogens in their tobacco - but over a decade after
promising to, research analysis of their top brands showed there'd been
"no meaningful attempt". Full
study
Philip
Morris meeting glosses over record of "bullying, subversion"
May
2011: Philip Morris International at its annual shareholder's meeting
on May 11, celebrated another year of record profits - while
another five million plus died from tobacco.
UK
Daily Mail report with damning quotes and photo
Same
day, Corporate Accountability International
report shows
PMI lining its coffers at the expense of lives and health. Exposes "dark truth behind how PMI earns billions of
dollars from coercion, political manipulation... legal bullying... subversion of public health laws."
CAI
alternative report on PMI, May 2011
Menthol
used to deceive and addict young smokers
April 2011: Study of industry documents
shows tobacco companies have
deliberately used menthol "to attract inexperienced smokers who...
perceive them to be less harmful..." Included Philip
Morris, BAT, Imperial and more. See
abstract
with link to full study
Philip
Morris website manipulates smokers
Mar. 2011: After decades of misleading smokers, hiding health harm and
increasing addictiveness, Philip Morris Ltd opens new website
to whip smokers into opposing health policies that will save lives and
help them quit - smokefree public places, tobacco tax
increases, out of sight displays and plain packs. See
ideservetobeheard
site
Secret
tobacco industry docs show two decades of health interference
2011: Australian documents among a new release of more than 60,000
formerly secret tobacco industry documents show the industry
aggressively blocking health reforms for two decades. They also kept
secret research on how their product was wrecking babies' DNA. ASH
media release 11/3/11 including
links to the documents
BAT pushing cool addictive cancer to
teens
2011: BAT
pushes menthol to youth in Switzerland - ad appears
in newspaper with large 12-18y.o. readership. Midway through
puffing on a cigarette, smoker can break with their teeth a
capsule of menthol in the filter - delivers strong mentholated flavour.
Children, especially girls, reported to love it. Kent
Ad 20min 21/2/11 Full page
Kent
Ad 20min 21/211 Ad only Menthol
no mere flavouring - more addictive, carcinogenic - ASH
Australia release 2/6/10
Tobacco
industry exaggerates illicit trade
2011: Deloitte
report commissioned by Big 3 tobacco companies
claims “taxpayers losing $1bn” in illicit tobacco - “up 25%” since 2010 tax rise and
is now (they claim) almost 16% of total tobacco
sales. The report rejected as "self-serving smoke" by researchers.
Comment from Prof
Simon Chapman. Latest TI tactics exposed:
Croakey
blog says tobacco industry is bad for public health
Tobacco
companies stall reforms at $360,000 taxpayer cost
2011: Tobacco companies Philip Morris and British American
Tobacco seek thousands of files on proposed health reforms
under Freedom Of Information - costing taxpayers over $360,000. The "beyond
excessive" FOI claims would have cost almost $1.5m until reduced
by department-funded negotiations. See
Greens
media release 24/2/11
Big
Tobacco rehashes plain pack attack
2011: The tobacco industry has revived its "won't work"
campaign of media ads against plain packaging, fronted by the Alliance
of Australian Retailers. ASH says the "big three" tobacco
companies are peddling the same old poison in an expensive box - just
like it does with its products. See
ASH
Australia media release 22/2/11 with
link to latest tobacco-funded ads
Industry
flogs "increased smuggling" myth in UK
2011: The tobacco industry is
continuing to assert that tax increases will boost illicit tobacco
trade, despite the lack of evidence of this, writes Deborah Arnott of
ASH UK in the Guardian. Guardian
article 24/2/11
Note: ASH Australia is not
affiliated with ASH UK or any other "ASH"
Cheap
cigs target poorest areas
2011: Cut-price
cigarettes are more available in lower-income areas, undermining efforts
to cut smoking, says a Cancer Council Victoria study of milk bars near
randomly selected secondary schools. More than twice as many
retailers in the poorest areas sold discounted cigarettes as
those in wealthiest areas. See
full
study pdf and Melbourne
Age report 9/2/11
Philip
Morris pays out $5m in chewing tobacco death suit
2010: Philip Morris broke longtime policy of never
settling personal injury case, with US$5m payout on wrongful
death suit against its subsidiary US Smokeless Tobacco. USST was sued over
42-year-old
man's death from oral cancer caused by company's chewing
tobacco. Case unearthed alarming company correspondence with child
users. PR
Watch report 14/12/10
BAT's
spooky black market melodrama
2010: British American Tobacco UK site posts 6-minute glossy video with professional actors
in spooky fictional (and fanciful) story linking tobacco control policies (plain packaging, retail display
bans, tax increases) with organised Eastern European crime figures,
cynical greedy politicians, violence and terrorism. See
BAT
video - and response
from Prof Simon Chapman
Sex,
Lies and Cigarettes
2010 documentary video (42 mins)
produced by Current TV (US) - explores
and exposes aggressive marketing tactics of multinational cigarette
companies in their bid to attract a new generation of smokers,
especially among children and low-income people, especially in
low-middle income countries.
How big tobacco teamed up with
climate change deniers to cloud scientific air
2010: New book Merchants of Doubt documents how a small
group of scientists with tobacco industry links campaigned to
undermine scientific consensus on tobacco health impacts, acid rain,
climate change, more. Bloomsbury
Press reviews and excerpts from Guardian (UK) article
2006
Tobacco
industry wins big US court victory
2010: US Supreme Court rejects government appeal that would have handed government AUD$330b in
tobacco companies' allegedly ill-gotten gains. Court disallowed a process of seizure called "disgorgement"; but did not overturn
2006 findings of US District Court
that the profits were made by "unlawful, deceptive, lethal"
means. See AFP
report 30/6/10
Tobacco
"least reputable" industry: world survey
2010: Tobacco industry rated least reputable among the
world's 25 major industry categories in the independent Global
Reputation Pulse worldwide survey of over 80,000 consumer interviews in
32 countries. See Sydney
University/ACOSH media release with results 16/6/10
Tobacco industry may use gene research
to avoid responsibility
2010: Tobacco industry funding of genetic research into addiction
may be used by the industry to avoid responsibility for addiction, says
a study of industry documents. See
study
Big Tobacco racks up profit despite sales
volume fall
2010: World's Big 3 tobacco companies (Philip Morris, BAT,
Japan Tobacco) annual reports show 2009 cigarette sales
volume fell 1.2% - blaming recession, tobacco
taxes, smokefree laws. No. 4 Imperial
volume up 10%, partly by buying No. 5 Altadis. Tobacco
company profits keep rising. 2009 annual reports:
PMI, BAT,
JTI and Imperial
Tobacco companies take aim at Asian
women
2010: Tobacco marketing to women in low-middle income countries
is stooping to new depths, telling smokers they will be smarter, sexier
and even have easier childbirth. See
Independent/AFP
report 3/5/10 and World
No Tobacco Day 2010 hits back against targeting women
Tobacco's tricky tactics in Australian
"dark market"
2010: The tobacco
industry is resorting to a wider range of under-the-radar tactics as
Australian regulations tighten. See
Sydney
Morning Herald feature with ASH comment 24/4/10
Tobacco companies fined for UK price
fixing
2010: Imperial Tobacco, UK
tobacco manufacturer Gallaher and ten retailers were fined a total AUD$366m for illegal
UK price-fixing deals. Imperial ($182m) and the others also fined over
price-matching deals on tobacco products from 2001-03. See
sky.com
report 16/4/10
Canada
fines tobacco
companies $589m for smuggling
2010:
Two Canadian tobacco companies to pay AUD$589m to federal, provincial governments to settle suits
alleging they shipped cigarettes from Canada to the US - to be smuggled back to
Canada for cut-price sale. See Canada
Globe & Mail report 13/4/10 and
UPI
report 14/4/10
Tobacco companies didn't tell us
cigarettes may contain pig's blood
2010: Cigarette filters may contain traces of pig's blood - and the
tobacco companies didn't tell their Jewish, Islamic or vegetarian
customers. See news.com.au
report 30/3/10 The Colbert Report feature on this
is available at the Tobacco
Control Supersite
Read full story in Tobacco
Control
Tobacco exec defends unsafe product
2010: British American Tobacco executive reluctantly agrees at a
NZ parliamentary inquiry that tobacco is "not
safe" - but defends shop displays on basis of "customer choice". See
3news
report 11/3/10 See all submissions
to the NZ inquiry - especially submissions by Te Reo Marama,
ASH NZ, ASH
Australia, BAT NZ, Philip Morris NZ, and Maori health expert Dr
Marewa Glover
Tobacco funding "skewed"
findings on Alzheimer's link
2010: Review of
evidence on smoking and Alzheimer's says tobacco funds "skewed"
findings for over 20 years. Tobacco industry-affiliated studies
found smoking cut AD risk by average 14%; those
independent of tobacco influence showed an increase of + 70%. See
study
abstract - spool down to pp. 465-480
See Science
Daily report 2/2/10
Philip Morris scare campaign against
plain packaging
2009:
Philip Morris' glossy scare campaign to
tobacco retailers warns plain packs
will be "very difficult" for retailers, "increase
security risk", "inconvenience customers" and "limit choice". See
campaign pics
But 2009
study shows the
industry worked to mislead Australian and Canadian governments with
"phoney" complaints. More on plain
packaging
Tobacco companies undermine packet
health warnings
2009: Tobacco companies are
undermining graphic pack health warnings by favouring the least
disturbing images, says NZ study. The companies are meant to rotate
warnings evenly but seem to print more of those less confronting. See Science
Alert report 30/9/09 and the
study
Should an ex-tobacco director be
celebrated as a role model?
2009: Fashion designer Carla Zampatti, ex-Rothmans Director, gets Order of Australia gong for “service through leadership and
management.... in.... fashion and retail...., multicultural broadcasting, and to women as a role model and
mentor.” Comment in crikey.com
US court confirms tobacco
industry lied about Lights
2009: US court finds tobacco
companies misled consumers to think "light"/"mild"
cigarettes were less
harmful. See redOrbit
report 23/5/09 Tobacco
industry in Australia unapologetic despite ACCC finding of deception, jumping seamlessly
to terms like "smooth" and "fresh". See Melbourne
Age report and editorial 20/2/05 More at
The
Light/Mild scam
Tobacco industry should butt out after
decades of interference
2009: ASH urges Australian governments to support
treaty commitments and end decades of tobacco industry interference in
"fundamental and irreconcilable conflict" with public
health. See ASH release 5/5/09 See WHO
background FCTC: how governments should
prevent interference
Tobacco
industry's shifting stance on harm, addictiveness
2009: WHO report on the industry's
decades of shifting stances on addictiveness and harmfulness. Internal documents
in conflict with public denials of harm and addictiveness. Industry
documents show what they knew, and when. Still
they blame the smoker. See
report
BAT
re-butted after misleading councillors
2008:
British American Tobacco tries to scare Wagga (NSW) Council out of
smokefree alfresco dining reform by making misleading claims
See ASH
release 27/11/08 See BAT
claims and ASH response Council resisted the interference and
put its community first - see ASH
release 31/3/09
Tobacco companies and dealers try to
derail NSW child protection measures
2008: Philip Morris and
NSW tobacco dealers try to scuttle out-of-sight shop display reform by misinforming NSW ministers. The bill was later
passed by NSW parliament. See
ASH media
release 21/7/08 See Philip
Morris scare tactics - and the truth Latest on
Protecting children
BAT accused of targeting African children
2008: BBC
documentary on
British American Tobacco targeting African Children with cigarettes. Is
this social responsibility? "We
don't want children to smoke" - see BAT
response
Smoked out: big tobacco's deals in
clubland
2008: Tobacco companies have paid Victorian pubs and clubs
commissions for selling tobacco - the kind of link that's
frustrated and weakened smokefree workplace laws. See
Melbourne
Age report 11/7/08
UK tobacco firm connected with
smuggling, sanction busting, product dumping
2008: Legal case exposes British cigarette manufacturer
Gallaher's connection with tobacco smuggling, breaking international
sanctions in Iraq, and dumping inferior product in poor countries. See
Sunday
Times online report 27/4/08
"Vitamin E enhanced"
cigarette latest ploy to associate tobacco with health
2007: German tobacco company's cigarette "enhanced" with Vitamin E draws criticism from health experts as latest attempt to deceive
smokers into associating smoking with health or reduced harm. See
Tobacco-Free Kids (US)
statement 24/9/07
Philip Morris breaks promise to end
Formula One sponsorship
2007: Tobacco giant Philip Morris goes back on a promise to end its high-profile sponsorship of Ferrari's
Formula 1 car racing team - sponsorship that exposes children to
promotion. See
Tobacco
Free Kids article 17/4/07
Industry undermines tobacco treaty in
Nepal
2007: The tobacco industry in Nepal did its best to skate
around the country's ratification of the worldwide tobacco treaty, the
FCTC. See Kathmandu
Post story 4/3/07
Tobacco giant pushes ventilation
scam
2006: British American Tobacco documents show they knew ventilation/filtration
was ineffective at removing
secondhand smoke, but continued pushing these worldwide via the hospitality industry to
derail smokefree laws. See tobacco.org
news 27/1/06 and full
BMJ study 1/06
Trust us, we're a big tobacco company
2005: Uni of Otago - ASH NZ report unpicks British American Tobacco spin of "social responsibility" to
show a corporation continuing to deceive. See
Scoop
NZ report with ASHNZ media release 8/11/05
Summary and
full
report
Marlboro
leads the pack with buzz marketing
2005: Philip Morris' top brand is still out there in the US, using a
range of flash marketing strategies to push its deadly
product to young people. See
Business
Week report 31/10/05
Winfield
exploits Aboriginal site in ad campaign
2005:
BAT brand uses Aboriginal special place Kata Tjuta in Central
Australia in a German ad campaign - turning the site upside down for "Down Under" theme. Insensitive to Aboriginal
communities,
whose health is ravaged by tobacco use.
See
the
ad More at our indigenous
page
Big
Tobacco "meddling, manipulating and interfering" in treaty
2005: Major international
report says tobacco companies while claiming "social
responsibility" worked to derail global FCTC anti-tobacco treaty.
See
ASH
media release 7/10/05 See the report
Philip Morris opposes proven measures
to reduce child smoking
2005: Philip Morris says it "doesn't want kids to
smoke" but opposed measures to reduce child smoking in US
states of Texas and North Carolina. See Tobacco-Free
Kids release 15/7/05
Big Two AGMs attract worldwide
protests; report batters BAT
2005: Tobacco's Big Two
company AGMs attract worldwide protest; and report shows BAT
"social responsibility" has destroyed health and environment. See
ASH
media release 28/4/05
Tobacco industry's artificial nicotine
trick
2005: Big tobacco experimented with developing
artificial nicotine substitutes to trick governments and smokers,
anticipating nicotine might one day be banned, says research
paper. See media
release 22/4/05 and the paper
Philip Morris talk of "harm
reduction" is a sham
2005: Philip Morris Executive David Davies tells
Australia's National Press Club the company is about to trial
“reduced harm” cigarettes on humans. But previous industry claims of
"safer" products have been found to be deceptive. See
Melbourne
Age report 25/3/05
Philip Morris hooked young people,
concealed dangers: US Supreme Court
2005: Smoker hooked on tobacco at 15 has US$10m
damages suit against Philip Morris upheld by US
Supreme Court, rejecting the company's review application. See
report 22/3/05
Philip Morris Indonesian deal a
"blow to regional health"
2005: "Responsible"
tobacco giant slips around tobacco treaty to target regional poor. See
Philip
ASH media release 16/3/05 featuring Mary Assunta of the SE Asia Tobacco Control
coalition.
Philip Morris worked to downplay SIDS
link with secondhand smoke
2005: Company documents show
Philip Morris spent years undermining and hiding research linking secondhand
smoke with SIDS (cot death). See
study
and media
report 7/3/05
BAT hit by mounties' smuggling allegation
2005: British American Tobacco hit by smuggling
allegation - from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. See
media
report 9/1/05
Secondhand harm hidden
2004: Philip Morris hid harm from secondhand
smoke for 20 years, says Lancet study. PM
USA lab uncovered evidence in the early 80s of serious risks from passive smoking but its findings were
never made public. See
media
report 11/11/04 See full Lancet
article 11/04
Company breaks UK law
2004: Imperial tobacco found guilty of breaking
advertising law in UK. See
ASH
UK release 4/8/04
I helped BAT destroy
embarrassing documents
2004: Lawyer blows whistle on tobacco giant "document
retention" policy. McCabe v BAT case heard BAT destroyed thousands of potentially embarrassing
docs on marketing, particularly to youth. Melbourne
Age 26/9/04 (see Sept 2004, Birnbauer...) and
latest
on McCabe case
Philip Morris US fined for dumping
emails relevant to court case
2004: Philip Morris US and
parent Altria Group have been fined US$2.7m for deleting emails
relevant to a court case.
See Associated
Press report 21/7/04
What Philip
Morris didn't tell us about pesticides in their cigarettes
2003: Philip Morris Australia's own documents show they
knew for over 20 years about high DDT and other pesticide levels
in their cigarettes, but didn't tell the public. See
the research
Australian Government also knew
levels were high, but ignored its
own advisers and left cigarette contents in the hands
of the tobacco industry - with its record! - to self-regulate.
Philip
Morris fined for breaking NSW law over student fashion promotion
2002:
Philip Morris fined in Sydney's Downing St Local
Court (8/11/02) for breaking the NSW Public Health Act - arising
from promotions targeting women at a youth fashion event. It was the first time Philip Morris was
convicted for breaking tobacco advertising laws.
More...
Philip Morris hid what they
knew about tobacco's link with meningococcal disease
2001: See ASH
media release 28/11/01
Note an Australian study has now found children's risk of this disease is multiplied by not
4 but 9 times by having parents who smoke. See the
study
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